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visit : http://www.sourceinfratech.com contact : 09966871942 design requirements for columns longitudinal  reinforcement : a) the cross sectional are of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% and not more than 6% of gross cross sectional area of the column, b) in any column that has larger cross sectional area than that required to support the load,the minimum percentage of steel shall be 0.8% of required area and not the area actually provided, c)minimum number of longitudinal bars to be provided is 4 for rectangular columns and 6 for circular columns. d) minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars is 12mm e)spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300 mm

visit : http://www.sourceinfratech.com contact : Rao(09966871942) EQUIVALENT DEVLOPMENT LENGHT OF HOOKS AND BENDS: In situations where straight anchorage length can not be provided due to lack of space to improve the anchorage o f bars many times standarad hooks are provided in plain bars and standard bends are provide in deformed bars . the equivalent develpment lenghts for these standard hooks and bends may be taken a) the anchorage value of a standard U-type hook shall be equal to 16 times the diameter of the bar. b)the anchorage value of a standard bend shell be taken as 4 times the diameter of the bar for each 45 degree bend subjected to a maximum of 16 times the dia CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGHT FOR FLEXUAL BOND AT SIMPLE SUPPORTS the flexural bond is maximum at the section where the shear force is large.there fore the check for flexural bond is necessary at the sections where shear force is maximum and bending moment is zero.