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visit : http://www.sourceinfratech.com contact : 9966871942(rao) ABRAMS WATER CEMENT RATIO LAW: Abrams water-cement ratio law states that for any given conditions of test,the strength of workable concrete mix is dependent only on the water-cement ratio. it follows from this law that provided the concrete is fully compacted,the strength is not affected by aggregate shape,type or surface texture,or the aggregate grading,the workability and the richness of mix.we know that workablilty of mix determine the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce full compaction is dependent the amount of water in the mix, but amount of water in the mix,corresponding to on the amount of water in the mix,but amount of water in a mix,corresponding to a given strength, is governed by the water-cement ratio law,hence the only way to increase the quantity of water to increase the workability of the mix to increase the amount of cement also,how ever as the grading of aggregate does not affect.

visit : http://www.sourceinfratech.com contact : 09966871942(Rao) BOOKS AND BENDS quite often,space available at the end of beam is limited to accommodate the full development length .in that case,hooks and bends are provided.the anchorage value of hooks or bend is accounted as contribution to the development length   shows a semi-circular hook.fully dissension,with respect to a factor,with respect to a factor k. the value K is take as 2 in the case of mild steel conforming to IS:432-1966 FOR 'hot rolled mild steel and medium tensile steel deformed bars for concrete reinforcement . the hook with k =2 with equivalent horizontal lenght of the hook. for the case of medium tensile steel conforming to IS :432 - 1966 in that case of cold worked steel conforming k is taken as 4 the value of bond stress for various grades of concrete is greater by 40% than the plan bars,hence deformed bars may be with out books, provided anchorage requirements are adequately met with,where hook

visit :  http://www.sourceinfratech.com contact : 9966871942 Anchoring shear reinforcement : inclined bars the development lenght shall be as for bars in tension ; the length shall be measured as under : 1) in tension zone from the end of the sloping or inclined portion of the bar, and 2)in the compression zone, from mid depth of the beam  stirrups, not with standing any of the provisions of the standard, in case of secondary reinforcement , such as stirrups and transverse ties,complete development lengths and anchorage shall be deemed to have been provided when the bar is bent through an angle of atleast 90 deg round a bar of at least is own diameter and is continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of atleast eight diameters,or when the bent through an angle of 135 deg and is continued beyond the end of curve for a length of atleast six bar diameters or when the bar is bent through an angle of 180deg and is continued beyond te